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Use our specialty filter and search function to find information about specific orthopaedic conditions, treatments, anatomy, and more, quickly and easily.
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- Arthritis
- Foot & Ankle
- Joint Disorders
Ankle Arthritis
Arthritis is inflammation that can cause pain and stiffness in any joint in the body. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative or “wear-and-tear” arthritis, is a common problem for many people after reaching middle age. It is often experienced in the small joints of the foot and ankle.
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- Foot & Ankle
- Fractures, Sprains & Strains
- Sports Medicine
Ankle Sprain
When a ligament is forced to stretch beyond its normal range, a sprain occurs. A severe sprain causes actual tearing of the elastic fibers of the ligament. A sprained ankle is a very common injury that produces pain and swelling.
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- Neck and Back (Spine)
- Pediatric Injuries
Backpack Safety
Backpacks that are too heavy or are worn incorrectly can cause a variety of problems for people of any age, especially children and teenagers. An improperly used backpack can injure muscles and joints, leading to severe back, neck and shoulder pain, as well as posture problems. However, backpacks do not cause scoliosis.
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- Joint Disorders
- Muscle Disorders
- Pediatric Injuries
Bone, Joint & Muscle Infections in Children
Children can develop “deep” infections in their bones (osteomyelitis), joints (septic arthritis), or muscles (pyomyositis). The most common locations for deep muscle infections are the large muscle groups of the thigh, groin and pelvis. Children who have infections of their bones, joints, or muscles often have fever, pain, and limited movement of the infected area.
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- Foot & Ankle
- Joint Disorders
Bunions
A bunion is a bump on the MTP joint, on the inner border of the foot. Bunions are made of bone and soft tissue, covered by skin that may be red and tender. Prolonged wearing of poorly fitting shoes is by far the most common cause of bunions, especially styles that feature a narrow, pointed toe box that squeezes the toes into an unnatural position. Bunions also have a strong genetic component.
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- Foot & Ankle
Cavovarus Foot Deformity
The term “cavovarus” refers to a foot with an arch that is higher than normal, and that turns in at the heel. Weakness in the peroneal muscles and sometimes the small muscles in the foot are often the cause of a cavovarus foot deformity. As the deformity worsens, there can be increasing pain at the ankle due to recurrent sprains, painful calluses at the side of the foot or base of the toes, or difficulty with shoe wear.
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- Muscle Disorders
- Sports Medicine
Contusions or Bruises
Muscle contusions, or bruises, are second only to strains as a leading cause of sports injuries. Most contusions are minor and heal quickly, without requiring the athlete to be removed from the game. However, severe contusions can cause deep tissue damage, which may lead to complications and/or keep the athlete out of sports for months.
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- Hand & Wrist
- Joint Disorders
Ganglion Cyst
A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled mass or lump. Although they can develop in various locations, the most common location is on the back of the wrist. Ganglion cysts are not cancerous. In most cases, ganglion cysts are harmless and do not require treatment. If, however, the cyst becomes painful, interferes with function, or has an unacceptable appearance, several treatment options are available.
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- Fractures, Sprains & Strains
- Hand & Wrist
Hand Fracture
A fracture of the hand can occur in either the small bones of the fingers (phalanges) or in the long bones (metacarpals). Symptoms of a broken bone in the hand include: pain; swelling; tenderness; an appearance of deformity; inability to move a finger; shortened finger; a finger crossing over its neighbor when you make a fist; or a depressed knuckle, which is often seen in a “boxer’s fracture.”
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- Arthritis
- Joint Disorders
- Knee
Knee Osteotomy
Osteotomy literally means “cutting of the bone.” When early-stage osteoarthritis has damaged just one side of the knee joint, or when malalignment of the knee causes increased stress to ligaments or cartilage, a knee osteotomy may be performed to reshape either the tibia (shinbone) or femur (thighbone) to relieve pressure on the joint.
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- Fractures, Sprains & Strains
- Muscle Disorders
- Neck and Back (Spine)
Lumbar Back Strain
A lumbar strain is an injury to the tendons and/or muscles of the lower back, ranging from simple stretching injuries to partial or complete tears in the muscle/tendon combination. These tears cause inflammation in the surrounding area, resulting in painful back spasms and difficulty moving. An acute lumber strain is one that has been present for days or weeks. If it has persisted for longer than 3 months, it is considered chronic.
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- Fractures, Sprains & Strains
- Ligament Disorders
- Muscle Disorders
- Neck and Back (Spine)
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)
Neck Sprains & Strains
Sprains and strains are injuries to ligaments, muscles or tendons. A sprain is the simple stretch or tear of a ligament. A strain may be a simple stretch of a muscle or tendon, or it may be a partial or complete tear in the muscle/tendon combination.
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- Knee
- Pediatric Injuries
- Sports Medicine
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
In Osgood-Schlatter disease, children have pain at the front of the knee due to inflammation of the growth plate (tibial tubercle) at the upper end of the shinbone (tibia). When a child participates in sports or other strenuous activities, the quadriceps muscles of the thigh pull on the patellar tendon which, in turn, pulls on the tibial tubercle. In some children, this repetitive traction on the tubercle leads to the inflammation, swelling and tenderness of an overuse injury.
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- Joint Disorders
- Joint Replacement & Revision
- Knee
Partial Knee Replacement
Unicompartmental (or partial) knee replacement is an option for a small percentage of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee that is limited to a single compartment of the knee. During this procedure, only the damaged compartment is replaced with metal and plastic, while the healthy cartilage and bone in the rest of the knee is left alone.
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- Neck and Back (Spine)
- Pediatric Injuries
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a common condition of the spine that affects many children and adolescents. Unlike a normal spine that runs straight down the middle of the back, a spine with scoliosis forms a sideways curve that may look like a letter “C” or “S.” Scoliosis can cause the spine to rotate or turn, resulting in a shoulder, shoulder blade (scapula), or hip that appears higher than the other.
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- Arthritis
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)
- Shoulder
Shoulder Arthritis
Over time, the shoulder joint frequently becomes arthritic, with bone spur formation and loss of cartilage between the bones. This can cause pain in the top of the shoulder with overhead movement or reaching across the body. It can also cause tenderness or pain with pressure, such as from a back pack or bra strap.
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- Joint Disorders
- Shoulder
- Sports Medicine
Shoulder Dislocation
A dislocated shoulder occurs when the head of the upper arm bone (humerous) is either partially or completely out of its socket (glenoid). Whether it is a partial dislocation (subluxation) or the shoulder is completely dislocated, the result can be pain and unsteadiness in the shoulder.
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- Neck and Back (Spine)
- Pediatric Injuries
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)
- Sports Medicine
Spondylolysis & Spondylolisthesis
Many people with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis do not experience obvious symptoms or pain. Often, a patient visits the doctor for activity-related lower back pain, only to be surprised by the diagnosis. Patients may experience what feels like a muscle strain, with pain that spreads across lower back, and is sometimes accompanied by leg pain. Spondylolisthesis can also cause spasms that stiffen the back and tighten hamstring muscles, resulting in changes to posture and gain.
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- Fractures, Sprains & Strains
- Ligament Disorders
- Muscle Disorders
- Sports Medicine
Sprains & Strains
A sprain is the stretching or tearing of ligaments that connect one bone to another, often caused by a fall or sudden twisting of a joint. A strain can be a simple stretch in a muscle or tendon (the fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscles to bone), or it can be a partial or complete tear in the muscle-tendon combination.
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- Elbow
- Joint Disorders
- Sports Medicine
Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)
Lateral epicondylitis, more commonly known as tennis elbow, is a painful condition that occurs when overuse results in inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. Recent studies show that tennis elbow is often due to damage to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), a specific forearm muscle that helps stabilize the wrist when the elbow is straight.
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